The area was the successor to the portions of the Missouri Territory left unorganised after Missouri statehood. A durable solution for Sudan requires dismantling the war-as-business system and replacing it with governance, equity, and services that prioritise the well-being of ordinary people over elite profit. Without addressing the transactional nature of power and the fragmentation of sovereignty, peace will remain temporary, and the cycle of violence, exploitation and instability will continue.

The business of war

Because loyalty is expensive and leaders profit easily from conflict, elites prefer fighting and exploiting war rather than building strong, stable government institutions. Sudan’s conflict is sustained by a system where power, loyalty, and resources are bought, sold, and leveraged by armed elites rather than exercised through formal institutions. Control over gold mines, smuggling routes, and military forces has turned politics into a transactional enterprise where peace agreements serve as tools to secure loyalty and access to resources. This profit-driven environment operates as a “political marketplace” where loyalty, influence, and resources are exchanged while formal laws remain secondary. There are a number of examples where multinational corporations have misappropriated cultural knowledge, icons, and material to develop or promote products, and they have been called out for doing that.

• He firmly believed that India’s strength lies in its diversity.
• This means reforming the security sector, regulating resource extraction and creating mechanisms to prevent the privatisation of violence and wealth.
• With cash from their gaming operations, the Oneidas purchased some of these lands back.

The Corporation and the Indian: Tribal Sovereignty in Indian Territory, 1865–1907 Paperback – Import, 30 March 1989

By the late nineteenth century, federal policy focused on dismantling communal landholdings through allotment, particularly under the Dawes Act (1887) and subsequent agreements with individual tribes. The western part of the region became Oklahoma Territory in 1890. External powers sustain this extractive political marketplace. The UAE supports the RSF through financial and logistical assistance, facilitating gold exports, while Russia and Iran provide weapons and strategic backing to SAF. Armed actors impose taxes, license looting, and control trade routes, ensuring violence and commerce remain inseparable.

The proclamation restricted European settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains, reserving land for Indigenous nations. This arrangement persisted until the Treaty of Paris (1783) ended the American Revolutionary War and transferred control of the Reserve to the United States.Following independence the new government increasingly disregarded previous restrictions. Conflicts in the Ohio Country culminated in the Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794) and the Treaty of Greenville, which ceded much of present-day Ohio, parts of Indiana, and areas around Chicago and Detroit.The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 further expanded American claims. Presidents Jefferson and his successors saw the lands west of the Mississippi as a destination for Indigenous resettlement, clearing eastern territory for white settlers.

Sudan’s war has attracted significant international involvement. Russia, via the Wagner Group, initially supported Dagalo, though SAF later sought military support from Russia and offered a naval base on the Red Sea coast in return. Western states have largely focused on counter-terrorism and humanitarian aid, but face criticism for failing to promote democracy effectively by backing the generals. The UN issues warnings about the humanitarian crisis but humanitarian operations face extreme access restrictions. Critics of extending tribal sovereignty, including the governor, feared there could be unintended consequences and further litigation if the relationship between the state and tribes changed.

The Supreme Court is not a promising arena for native peoples to look to for the resolution of their claims. The Oneidas, it is true, own less than 2% of the land in the contested area and make up less than 1% of its population. Because courts were closed to the Oneidas until 1974, they could not pursue their claims against parties other than the US. And the State of New York had exercised regulatory and legislative authority over the entire area even though its authority for doing so was murky at best. The book by the Syracuse attorney George Shattuck, who helped get the Oneidas’ land claim cases into the court system, and the Syracuse University dissertation by Philip Geier do a nice job of telling much of this story.

The Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 ended the treaty-making system, declaring that no Indigenous group within U.S. borders would thereafter be recognised as an independent nation with whom the United States could contract via treaty. Existing treaties remained valid, but Congress asserted plenary authority over Indigenous nations. The roots of Indian Territory lay in the British Indian Reserve of 1763, established by the Royal Proclamation of 1763.

Their subsequent power struggle exposed how Sudan’s political system had become a marketplace where sovereignty is a tradable commodity. War has become a self-sustaining business, sustained by transactional loyalties rather than institutions. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians is headquartered in Michigan, but 173 of its more than 49,000 enrolled members live in Canada.

The concept emerged from federal policies of the late minimum deposit casino online eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, particularly the policy of Indian removal, which aimed to clear Indigenous peoples from lands east of the Mississippi River to allow for white settlement. Over time the region underwent numerous legal, territorial, and political transformations until its final incorporation into the state of Oklahoma in 1907. “The basic spirit of this initiative is Ek Bharat, Atmanirbhar Bharat. To commemorate the 150th birth anniversary of the Iron Man of India, Bharat Ratna Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, various programmes have been organised in different fields in our state Tripura as well.